新概念英语第二册重点语法:状语从句
一、定义
顾名思义，状语从句就是指句子中的状语原本是由单词或短语来充当的，但当状语是由句子来充当时，这个充当状语的句子就叫状语从句。如：
He left the party at eight.
He left the party when it was eight.第一句中的at eight是时间状语，是由短语来充当的。
第二句中的when it was eight也是时间状语，但是由句子来充当的，这个句子就叫(时间)状语从句。
二、分类
英语里的状语总共有九种，即：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、比较、方式、让步。而英语里的状语从句也因此包括这九种，接下去我们就一一来梳理这九种从句的用法。需要注意的是，状语从句的学习其实就是有关连接这些状语从句的连接副词的学习。
三、时间状语从句
常连接时间状语从句的连接词有：
when, while, as;
before, after;
as soon as, hardly...when..., no sooner...than...;
till, until;
since;
by, by the time, by the end of。
(一)when、while和as的用法
三者都表示“当...时候”，需要注意的是：
1、当所要描述的动作或状态发生的时间是现在时间时
1)when要采用“主将从现”的原则，即：主句谓语动词采用一般将来时，从句谓语动词采用一般现在时。如：
When he comes, I will tell him the good news.需要注意的是，此时的从句谓语动词虽然采用的是一般现在时，但其实是表将来的。如上句中的he comes，他其实还没来。
此外，主句也有可能是祈使句或是含有情态动词的句子。如：
When he comes, please tell him the good news.
When he comes, you can tell him the good news.2)as的用法跟when差不多，但其主句谓语动词也可以使用一般现在时。如：
A sudden chill of horror sweeps over her as she feels the drip of saliva upon her hand. (当她感觉到滴到她双手上的唾液时，恐怖的寒栗突然遍布了她全身。)3)while所在的句子主从句的谓语动词一般都采用现在进行时。如：
While my mother is cooking in the kitchen, my father is working in the garden.2、当所要描述的动作或状态发生的时间是过去时间时
1)when所在的从句谓语动词一般采用一般过去时，主句谓语动词采用过去进行时或是一般过去时。如：
When he entered the room, she was playing the piano.
But when I returned the door was open.
需要注意的是，when也有可能表示“正在这时”。如：
I was walking in the park, when a little child bumped into me. (我正在公园里散步，这时一个小孩撞到了我怀里。)2)as与while的用法差不多，即：as和while所在的句子的谓语动词一般用过去进行时，而另外一个句子的谓语动词则采用过去进行时或一般过去时。如：
As/While the royal visitors were passing by, the crowd burst into cheers.
As/While she was reading in the study, he was watching TV in the living room.
(二)before和after的用法
before表示“在...之前”，after表示“在...之后”。使用时要注意要描述的动作或状态时基于现在时间还是过去时间。
1、基于现在时间
这时，其用法基本遵循时间状语从句的“主将从现原则”，即before或after所在的从句谓语动词采用一般现在时，其主句谓语动词采用一般将来时。如：
Before the guests come, we will have to clean the house.
After he comes, we will set out for Shanghai.2、基于过去时间
这时，before所在的从句谓语动词要采用一般过去时，其主句谓语动词要采用过去完成时，而after所在的从句谓语动词要采用过去完成时，其主句谓语动词要采用一般过去时。如：
Before it began to rain, she had already arrived home.
After she had arrived home, it began to rain.
(三)“一...就...”的表达
英语里常用来表“一...就...”的结构主要有：as soon as, hardly...when..., no sooner...than...。、
1、as soon as
as soon as既可以用在现在时间中，也可以用在过去时间中。当用在现在时间中时，遵循“主将从现”的原则;当用在过去时间中时，as soon as所在的从句谓语动词采用一般过去时，其主句谓语动词采用一般过去时或过去完成时(如果要强调主从句谓语动作的连续性很强，则采用一般过去时)。如：
现在时间：As soon as she comes to the party, we will give her a big surprise.
过去时间：As soon as he got to the station, the train left/had left.2、hardly...when...和no sooner...than...
这两个句型都表示“一...就...”，而且用法都差不多，即when和than所在的从句谓语动词采用一般过去时，其主句谓语动词采用过去完成时。如：
He had hardly arrived at school when the class began.
He had no sooner arrived at school than the class began.需要注意的是，hardly有时可以换成scarcely或rarely或barely。
3、特殊表达
英语中用来表达“一...就...”的结构还有：the moment/instant/minute/second...;immediately/instantly/directly...;at/on等。如：
He came directly I called.
The moment she gets off the bus, we will give her a big hug.
On hearing the news, he burst into cries.
(四)till和until
都表示“直到...时候”，两者一般可以相互替换，但till多用于肯定句，until多用于否定句。如：
She will stay in the office till he comes back.
She won't leave the office until he comes back.需要注意的是，until常与not搭配使用，而且会用在强调句中。如：
He didn't arrive until the film had already begun.
It was not until the film had already begun that he arrived.
(五)since
当since用来引导时间状语从句时，意思是“自从...以来”，其往往被当作是主句谓语动词要采用完成时的标志性时间状语。如：
Since he was born, he has lived here for over eighty years.
Since we last met, we haven't seen each other for more than ten years.
(六)by、by the time和by the end of
这组结构都表示“到...时候为止”，其主句谓语动词一般都要采用完成时。需要注意的是，这些结构后面所接的时间不同，主句谓语动词就要采用不同的完成时态。
1、后接将来时间
这时，主句谓语动词一般要采用将来完成时或将来完成进行时。如：
He will have read ten books by next Friday this month.
She will have been learning English for ten years by the end of this term.
They will have already left by the time she comes.2、后接过去时间
这时，主句谓语动词一般要采用过去完成时。如：
They had learned English for ten years by last Saturday.
The students had already left the party by the time she arrived.
We had worked on the bridge for two years by the end of last month.
新概念一定语从句
篇一：新概念一定语从句 一、什么是定语(Attributive) : a loyal friend 形容词作定语 a woman teacher 名词作定语 a girl with long hair 介词短语作后置定语 falling / fallen leaves 分词作定语 定语从句在句中相当于一个定语的成分起修饰的作用。 二、定语从句的构成： 1)which/that a. Annawas wearing a hat. b. Itwas too dirty. 定从： Annawas wearing a hat which/that was too dirty. (主语) 安娜戴了一顶很脏的帽子。 a. The hat was too dirty. b. Anna was wearing a hat 定从： The hat that/ which Anna was wearing was too dirty.(宾语) 安娜戴着的那顶帽子太脏了。 2). who/whom a. I meta boy. b. Theboy can speak three languages. 定从： I met a boy who can speak three languages. (主语) 我见到了一个能说三种语言的男孩儿。 a. Theboy can speak three languages. b. I met a boy. 定从：The boy whom/ who I met can speak three languages. (宾语) 我见到的男孩儿能说三种语言。 3. whose a. We saw some people. b. Their arms had broken. 定从： We saw some people whose arms had broken. 我们看见了一些手臂受了伤的人。 a. The desk belongs to Mary. b. The leg of the desk is broken. 定从： The deskwhose leg is broken belongs to Mary. 腿坏了的桌子属于玛利。 三、只能使用关系代词that的几种情况。 1. 先行词为all, little, few,much, nothing, something, anything, everything等不定代词时 e.g.There is nothing that I can say 2. 先行词被 all, each, few,much, every, no, some, any 等词修饰时 e.g. I have few books that you needed 3. 先行词既有人又有物时 e.g. He talked about the teachers and schools that he liked 4.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 e.g. This is the best composition that I have read. 5. 先行词被the only, the very,the last 等修饰时 e.g. This is the very man that I am looking for. 6. 主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时 e.g. Who is the man that is holding Mary’s hand? 四、非限定性定语从句 Non-restrictive Attributive Clause 1. “位置形式”：紧接先行词，不用标点分割 e.g. I want to buy the house which has agarden. 2. 用逗号与主句隔开，修饰“主句全句或部分内容”，可置句末，中，首。 e.g. I want to buy the house, which has agarden. The earth is round, which is known to all As is known to all, the earth is round. 3. “先行词” 限定性： n. / n. phrase e.g. He wears a red shirt which makes himlike a girl. 非限定性：1). n. / n. phrase 2). the sentence e.g. He wears a red shirt, which makes himlike a girl. “关系词的用法” 限定性：1).关系代词作从句宾语时可省 2). that可替who, whom, which(口) e.g. This is the book( which/that) I boughtyesterday. 非限定性：1).关系词不能用that 2).不能替换，不能省(which, as) e.g. I like the book, which I bought yesterday Do you know Tom, whom we talked about? She has to work on Sundays,which she doesn’t like. 篇二：二新概念一定语从句 一、定义 用来修饰句子中的.名词或代词或其短语的从句，就叫做定语从句。其实，就是拿句子来做名词、代词或是其短语的定语。如： It's a book. I bought the book yesterday.以上两句话中，都有book一词，所以可以用定语从句把两句话连起来。即： It's the book that I bought yesterday.这句话中that引导的I bought yesterday就是一个定语从句，用来修饰the book。 二、两个概念 要想学好定语从句，得先弄清楚两个基本概念，即：先行词和关系词。 (一)先行词 所谓先行词，就是指定语从句所修饰的成分。这个名称倒是挺形象的，为什么?因为先行词永远出现在定语从句的前面，总是先走一步的，呵呵! (二)关系词 所谓关系词，就是指用来连接定语从句的词语。关系词可以分为关系代词和关系副词。需要注意的是，关系代词或关系副词都要在从句中充当成分的，所以是不可或缺的，尽管当关系代词在从句中作宾语时，经常可以省略(本文会继续讲到这个情况)。 我们在来看一下在第一节里出现的句子： It's the book that I bought yesterday.句中的the book就是先行词，被后面的从句I bought yesterday所修饰。而that就是关系代词，用来连接I bought yesterday，同时又在从句作bought的宾语，而且可以省略。 定语从句的学习，其实就是有关根据先行词的特点选择合适的关系词的学习。 三、分类 按照定语从句与先行词的关系紧密与否，可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。 (一)限定性定语从句 限定性定语从句对先行词起着修饰限定作用，是不可或缺的。如： These are the apples that/which they sent us two days ago. (二)非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句对先行词起着补充说明作用，可要可不要。非限定性定语从句都会被逗号与先行词隔开。
定语从句引导词及用法总结有哪些？
1、关系代词有：that，which，who，whom，whose，在定语从句中作主语、宾语中表语，whose作定语。代人的有：who，whom，whose，that；代物的有：that，which，whose。2、关系副词有：when（指时间），where（指地点），why（指原因），在定语从句中作状语。注意：不是表时间的先行词都用when引导定从，不是表地点的先行词都用where引导定从。关系选择关系词包括关系代词（英语：relative pronoun）、关系副词（英语：relative adverb）和关系限定词（英语：relative determiner）。关系词的选择主要涉及以下因素：1、先行词是人还是事物。2、关系词在关系从句中的句法功能。3、关系从句是限制性的还是非限制性的。4、是口语还是书面语。
定语从句 引导词如何使用?
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词.关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等.关系词常有3个作用：1,引导定语从句.2,代替先行词.3,在定语从句中担当一个成分.
关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
[编辑本段]（六）判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词.不及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语,则要求用关系代词.例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题,再显示答案,横线；用不同的颜色表示出.）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起.此两题错在关系词的误用上.
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词.例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：
例1 D,例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D.
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语.而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A.
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；
先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) .
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that.As一般http://baike.baidu.com/view/56536.html?wtp=tt放在句首,which在句中.
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